REASSESSING THE “AXIS OF RESISTANCE”: A SUNNI THEOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE IRAN–ISRAEL–U.S. CONFLICT

Abstract

This article discusses the escalation of the Iran–Israel–U.S. conflict through a normative–interpretive Sunni theological framework, particularly one informed by Ahlussunnah and Athari-oriented perspectives. The conflict is not viewed only as a geopolitical confrontation, but also as a struggle over religious narratives and claims of moral legitimacy. Through qualitative library research and theological discourse analysis, this study uses key Sunni concepts—tatsabbut, wala’ and bara’, avoidance of ghuluw, and political fitnah—to examine how contemporary political narratives are constructed and circulated. The analysis shows that the “axis of resistance” discourse functions not merely as political rhetoric, but also as a way of shaping Muslim perceptions of legitimacy, loyalty, and enmity. The conflict also places strategic pressure on Gulf states through energy vulnerability and maritime insecurity, especially because of the Strait of Hormuz’s role as a major global chokepoint. For Muslims in Indonesia, the issue is relevant through dependence on Middle Eastern crude oil and LPG supplies, as well as through simplified religious narratives circulating in digital spaces. These findings underline the need for theological caution and geopolitical awareness when interpreting contemporary conflicts.